Ophthalmic Education:

Principles and Guidelines of a Curriculum for Ophthalmic Education of Medical Students: Chapter XV. Ophthalmic Images by Anatomic Location and Diagnosis

On this page:

• Cornea
• Keratitis
• Conjunctiva
• Sclera
• Eyeball
• Anterior Chamber
• Iris and Ciliary Body
• Glaucoma
• Lens
• Refraction and Accommodation
• Vision and Visual Fields
• Retina
• Choroid
• Vitreous
• Optic Disc and Optic Nerve
• Eyelids
• Lacrimal Apparatus
• Orbit
• Squint – Motility Disturbances
• Issue of Knowledge, Other Than Clinical Pictures

For complete (non-abbreviated) reference information, refer to References, section XIV.

Cornea

I. Lesions of corneal, superficial (actinic keratitis, erosion, contact lenses); Cornea, foreign bodies

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: L06 

B. Sutphin JE. Basic and Clinical Sciences Course Section 8. External diseases and cornea. fig. XIX-10, A-D cornea, foreign body; fig. XIX-11 corneal rust ring and multiple retained iron foreign bodies: 380, 382

II. Burns: alkali

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: B14, B15

B. Sutphin JE et al. Basic and Clinical Sciences Course Section 8. External diseases and cornea. fig. XIX-1 mild alkali burn; fig. XIX-2 moderate alkali burn with edema and haze: 365-368

C. Mannis MJ. Case Studies in Ophthalmology for Medical Students, Instructor Manual. Case 24 Diagnosis: alkali burn: 48

III. Burns - acid; Burns - heat

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: B02

Keratitis

I. Keratitis with corneal ulcer

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: B08

B. Flynn HW, Jr. Diabetes and Ocular Disease: Past, Present and Future. Ophthalmology Monographs 14; fig. 10-1 neurotrophic ulcer in patient with decreased corneal sensitivity: 223

II. Dendritic keratitis (Herpes simplex)

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: B06

B. Mannis MJ. Case Studies in Ophthalmology for Medical Students, Instructor Manual. Case 13 Diagnosis: ocular herpes simplex: 26

III. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: B05

B. Sutphin JE. Basic and Clinical Sciences Course Section 8. External diseases and cornea. fig. V-6 keratoconjunctivitis sicca with punctuate epithelial erosions, shown by rose bengal stain; fig. VI-10 conjunctival xerosis with focal keratinization (Bitot’s spot) as a result of vitamin A deficiency: 77-86

IV. Corneal edema

A. Sutphin JE. Basic and Clinical Sciences Course Section 8. External diseases and cornea. fig. XIX-2 moderate alkali burn with corneal edema and haze: 366

V. Corneal dystrophy

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: B16

B. Sutphin JE. Basic and Clinical Sciences Course Section 8. External diseases and Cornea. fig. XV-12 Fuchs’ endothelial dystrophy showing microcystic epithelial edema: 308

VI. Keratoconus

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: B11, B12, B13

B. Sutphin JE. Basic and Clinical Sciences Course Section 8. External diseases and cornea. fig. XV-16 keratoconus: 312

Conjunctiva

I. Conjunctival, foreign body

A. Sutphin JE. Basic and Clinical Sciences Course Section 8. External diseases and cornea. fig. XIX-9 foreign bodies seen on the everted surface of the upper eyelid: 379

II. Pterygium

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: B29, B30

B. Coleman AL. Eye Care Skills on CD-ROM. Managing of the red eye: slide 54, 55 

III. Subconjunctival hemorrhage

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: B38

B. Coleman AL. Eye Care Skills on CD-ROM. Managing of the red eye: slide 47

C. Bradford CA. Basic Ophthalmology: fig. 5.10

IV. Neoplasm of the conjunctiva

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: B47, B48

B. Cunningham Jr., ET. HIV/AIDS and the Eye, A Global Perspective, Ophthalmology Monographs 15. 4-1 adnexal manifestations; fig. 4-6 squamous cell carcinoma of conjunctiva at superior limbus: 39

Sclera

I. Nodular episcleritis; Diffuse anterior scleritis; Nodular scleritis

Eyeball

I. Eyeball, contusion; Eyeball, perforation

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: L22

B. Sutphin JE. Basic and Clinical Sciences Course Section 8. External diseases and cornea. fig. XIX-13 rupture of globe secondary to blunt trauma: 387

II. Eyeball, intraocular foreign body

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: L15

B. Regillo C.  Basic and Clinical Science Course Section 12. Retina and vitreous: fig.13-6.

III. Endophthalmitis

A. Opremcak ME,  Basic and Clinical Sciences Course Section 9. Intraocular inflammation and uveitis. fig. 11-1 exogenous postoperative endophthalmitis (bacterial); fig. 11-2 endogenous endophthalmitis (meningococcal meningitis): 207-209 

IV. Microphthalmos

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: H15

B. Sutphin JE. Basic and Clinical Sciences Course Section 8. External diseases and cornea. fig. XIII-2 severe microcornea and microphthalmos OD; both irides are colobomatous: 272

V. Buphthalmos

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: C08

B. Simon JW. Basic and Clinical Sciences Course Section 6. Pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus.  fig. XXI-1 A. congenital glaucoma, right eye; B. right cornea larger and hazy; C. left cornea clear; D. late congenital glaucoma, left eye: 255

Anterior Chamber

I. Hyphema

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: L11

B. Sutphin JE. Basic and Clinical Sciences Course Section 8. External diseases and cornea. fig. XIX-6 total, or “eight-ball,” hyphema: 374-375

C. Mannis MJ. Case Studies in Ophthalmology for Medical Students, Instructor Manual.  Case 16 Diagnosis: traumatic hyphema: 32

II. Hypopyon

A. Cunningham Jr., ET. HIV/AIDS and the Eye, A Global Perspective, Ophthalmology Monographs 15, 5-4 Anterior Uveitis, fig. 5-7 Severe anterior uveitis with fibrin exudates and hypopyon and posterior synechiae formation in patient taking rifabutin: 50

Iris and Ciliary Body

I. Iridocyclitis, iritis

A. Mannis MJ. Case Studies in Ophthalmology for Medical Students, Instructor Manual.  Case 10 Diagnosis: sarcoid uveitis: 20

II. Tumor of iris

A. Grossniklaus HE.  Basic and Clinical Sciences Course Section 4.  Ophthalmic pathology and intraocular tumors. fig. XX-1 metastasis to the iris associated with hyphema; fig. XX-2 metastasis from breast carcinoma to the iris: 270   

Glaucoma

I. Glaucoma, congenital

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: H03, H04

B. Simon JW. Basic and Clinical Sciences Course Section 6.  Pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus.  fig. XXI-1 A. congenital glaucoma, right eye; B. right cornea larger and hazy; C. left cornea clear; D. late congenital glaucoma, left eye: 255 

II. Simple glaucoma

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: C06, C11, C26

B. Mannis MJ. Case Studies in Ophthalmology for Medical Students, Instructor Manual.  Case 12, Diagnosis: primary open angle glaucoma: 24

III. Acute glaucoma

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: C01, C05, C09

B. Coleman AL. Eye Care Skills on CD-ROM. Managing of the red eye: slide 83-86

IV. Secondary glaucoma

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: C10, C13, C18, C23, C24, C25

Lens

I. Cataract

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: A01, A02, A03, A04, A05, A06, A07, A10

B. Mannis MJ. Case Studies in Ophthalmology for Medical Students, Instructor Manual.  Case 6, Diagnosis: cataract: 12

C. Simon JW. Basic and Clinical Sciences Course Section 6. Pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus. fig. XXII-7 bilateral congenital cataracts: 271

II. Aphakia; pseudophakia

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: A19, A20, A21, A22, A23, A24, A26, A27

B. Coleman AL. Eye Care Skills on CD-ROM. Eye care for the elderly: slide 54

III. Lens dislocation; Marfan’s syndrome; homocystinuria

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: H38

B. Simon JW. Basic and Clinical Sciences Course Section 6.  Pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus.  fig. XXII-5 A and B superotemporal displacement of lenses, bilateral; C. inferonasal displacement, right eye; D. lens dislocation into vitreous, left eye: 269

C. Rosenfeld SI. Basic and Clinical Sciences Course Section 11.  Lens and cataract. fig. 4-15 Marfan’s Syndrome A. arachnodactyly in a patient with Marfan’s syndrome B. Subluxated lens in Marfan’s syndrome: 41

Refraction and Accommodation

I. Hyperopia

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: G25, G26, G29

B. Miller KM. Basic and Clinical Sciences Course Section 3, Optics, refraction, and contact lenses.  fig. 3-10 hyperopia with accommodation relaxed A,B: 117

II. Myopia

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: G30, G31, G34

B. Miller KM.  Basic and Clinical Sciences Course Section 3. Optics, refraction, and contact lenses.  fig. 4-18 a diverging lens is used to correct myopia: 144

III. Astigmatism

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM. 2002: V.3: G21, G22

B. Weiss JS.  Basic and Clinical Science Course Section 14, Refractive surgery. fig. 3-5: 48

IV. Cycloplegia; presbyopia

A. Miller KM. Basic and Clinical Sciences Course Section 3. Optics, refraction, and contact lenses. Table 4-1 commonly used cycloplegic agents; Table 4-2 average accommodation amplitudes for different ages: 142, 149

Vision and Visual Fields

I. Amblyopia; diplopia; suppression

A. Mannis MJ. Case Studies in Ophthalmology for Medical Students, Instructor Manual.  Case 22, Diagnosis: esotropia: 44

II. Hemianopia, bitemporal, and homonymous

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: E26, E27

B. Bradford CA. Basic Ophthalmology: fig. 7.12

Retina

I. Retinal detachment

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: K70, K71, K72

B. Rosenfeld SI, Basic and Clinical Science Course Section 11.  Lens and cataract. fig. 11-15; Retinal detachment with proliferative retinopathy: 270

II. Retina, vessel occlusion or bleeding

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: K20, K34, K35, K36

B. Mannis MJ. Case Studies in Ophthalmology for Medical Students, Instructor Manual.  Case 19, Diagnosis: central retinal artery occlusion; Case 21, Diagnosis: central retinal vein occlusion: 38, 42

III. Degeneration of macula, age dependent

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: K03, K04, K05

B. Mannis MJ. Case Studies in Ophthalmology for Medical Students, Instructor Manual.  Case 17, Diagnosis: age-related macular degeneration: 34

IV. Retinoblastoma

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: H27, H28, H29

B. Mannis MJ. Case Studies in Ophthalmology for Medical Students, Instructor Manual.  Case 27, Diagnosis: leukocoria/retinoblastoma: 54

V. Retinopathy of prematurity

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: H32, H33, H34, H35, H36

B. Simon JW. Basic and Clinical Sciences Course Section 6.  Pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus. Table 24-1 International Classification of Acute Stages of Retinopathy of Prematurity; fig. XXIV-2 - XXIV-6 Stages of retinopathy of prematurity: 302, 304           

VI. Retinopathy, diabetic

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: K14, K15, K40, K41

B. Mannis MJ. Case Studies in Ophthalmology for Medical Students, Instructor Manual.  Case 1, Diagnosis: nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy; Case 9, Diagnosis: proliferative diabetic retinopathy: 2, 18

VII. Retinopathy, hypertensive

A. Mannis MJ. Case Studies in Ophthalmology for Medical Students, Instructor Manual.  Case 5, Diagnosis: hypertensive retinopathy: 10

VIII. Retinitis

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: K29

B. Mannis MJ. Case Studies in Ophthalmology for Medical Students, Instructor Manual.  Case 25, Diagnosis: cytomegalovirus retinitis: 50

Choroid

I. Chorioretinitis

A. Cunningham ET. HIV/AIDS and the Eye, A Global Perspective, Ophthalmology Monographs 15, fig. 6-5 Retinal Vein or Artery Occlusion, fig. 6-10 Pneumocystis carinii choroiditis: 67

II. Neoplasms of the choroids

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: K25, K26

B. Mannis MJ. Case Studies in Ophthalmology for Medical Students, Instructor Manual.  Case 7, Diagnosis: malignant choroidal melanoma: 14

Vitreous

I. Vitreous hemorrhage

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: K86

B. Regillo C. Basic and Clinical Science Course Section 12. Retina and vitreous. fig. 5-9 Neovascularization of the disc with small vitreous hemorrhage in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. (Standard photograph 10A, courtesy of DRS). Even without vitreous hemorrhage, this amount of NVD is the lower limit of moderate NVD, and is considered high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy: 110

Optic Disc and Optic Nerve

I. Optic disc cupping

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: C54, C55, C56, C57

B. Mannis MJ. Case Studies in Ophthalmology for Medical Students, Instructor Manual.  Case 12, Diagnosis: primary open angle glaucoma: 24

II. Papilledema

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: E16, E17

B. Mannis MJ. Case Studies in Ophthalmology for Medical Students, Instructor Manual.  Case 14, Diagnosis: papilledema: 28

III. Optic atrophy

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: C58

B. Mannis MJ. Case Studies in Ophthalmology for Medical Students, Instructor Manual.  Case 3, Diagnosis: optic atrophy: 6

IV. Optic neuropathy; Optic neuritis

A. Mannis MJ. Case Studies in Ophthalmology for Medical Students, Instructor Manual.  Case 11, Diagnosis: anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: 22

B. Simon JW. Basic and Clinical Sciences Course Section 6.  Pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus. fig. XXV-7 optic neuritis, left eye; normal right eye shown for comparison: 337

Eyelids

I. Blepharitis

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: B49

B. Mannis MJ. Case Studies in Ophthalmology for Medical Students, Instructor Manual.  Case 18, Diagnosis: blepharitis: 36

II. Hordeolum

A. Mannis MJ. Case Studies in Ophthalmology for Medical Students, Instructor Manual.  Case 26, Diagnosis: traumatic hordeolum: 32

III. Chalazion

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: H02, B43, B44

B. Sutphin JE. Basic and Clinical Sciences Course Section 8. External diseases and cornea. fig. V-5 chalazion: 71

IV. Eyelid laceration

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: F34, F35

B. Coleman AL. Eye Care Skills on CD-ROM. Eye trauma and emergencies: slide 32, 33

V. Entropion

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: F17

B. Kersten RC. Basic and Clinical Sciences Course Section 7.  Orbit, eyelids, and lacrimal system. fig. XII-5 involutional entropion; fig. XII-8 Cicatricial entropion: 184,186

VI. Ectropion

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: F14

B. Kersten RC. Basic and Clinical Sciences Course Section 7.  Orbit, eyelids, and lacrimal system. fig. XII-1 types of ectropion. A. involutional. B. cicatricial: 177

VII. Trichiasis; Blepharoplasty; Lagophthalmos

A. Kersten RC. Basic and Clinical Sciences Course Section 7.  Orbit, eyelids, and lacrimal system. fig. XII-13 bilateral symmetric congenital ptosis; fig. XII-21 lower eyelid retraction following blepharoplasty: 195, 214

VIII. Epicanthus

A. Kersten RC. Basic and Clinical Sciences Course Section 7.  Orbit, eyelids, and lacrimal system. fig. XI-3 congenital eyelid deformities. C. epicanthus: 137

B. Simon JW. Basic and Clinical Sciences Course Section 6.  Pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus.  fig. XVI-6 epicanthus, bilateral: 197

IX. Ptosis

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: F45, F47

B. Kersten RC. Basic and Clinical Sciences Course Section 7.  Orbit, eyelids, and lacrimal system. fig. XII-14 ptosis with levator aponeurosis dehiscence A,B,C: 197

X. Lid Retraction

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: F52

B. Kersten RC. Basic and Clinical Sciences Course Section 7.  Orbit, eyelids, and lacrimal system. fig. XII-8 thyroid eyelid retraction: 205

C. Mannis MJ. Case Studies in Ophthalmology for Medical Students, Instructor Manual.  Case 4, Diagnosis: endocrine ophthalmopathy: 8

XI. Xanthelasma

A. Grossniklaus HE. Basic and Clinical Sciences Course Section 4.  Ophthalmic pathology and intraocular tumors. fig. XIII-6 xanthelasma: 176

XII. Eyelid tumor; basal cell carcinoma

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: F02, F03

B. Kersten RC. Basic and Clinical Sciences Course Section 7.  Orbit, eyelids, and lacrimal system. fig. XI-18 basal cell carcinoma; fig. XI-19 morpheaform sclerosing basal cell carcinoma: 158

C. Mannis MJ. Case Studies in Ophthalmology for Medical Students, Instructor Manual.  Case 20, Diagnosis: basal cell carcinoma: 40

Lacrimal Apparatus

I. Dacryoadenitis; Tumor of lacrimal gland

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: F25, F26, F27, F28, F29

B. Kersten RC. Basic and Clinical Sciences Course Section 7.  Orbit, eyelids, and lacrimal system. fig. V-18 A,B,C: 82

II. Dacryocystitis; Dacryostenosis; Lacrimal duct, laceration

A. Kersten RC. Basic and Clinical Sciences Course Section 7.  Orbit, eyelids, and lacrimal system. fig. XIV-11 acute dacryocystitis with cellulitis: 249

Orbit

I. Inflammation of orbit, orbital cellulitis;

A. Kersten RC. Basic and Clinical Sciences Course Section 7.  Orbit, eyelids, and lacrimal system. fig. IV-2 A. right orbital cellulitis with exotropia: 41

II. Fracture of orbit

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: F38, F39, F40, F41, F42

B. Kersten RC. Basic and Clinical Sciences Course Section 7.  Orbit, eyelids, and lacrimal system. fig. VI-5 blow out fracture with x-ray: 103

C. Simon JW. Basic and Clinical Sciences Course Section 6.  Pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus.  fig. XXI-5 orbital roof fracture in infant who fell with frontal impact. A. marked right upper eyelid swelling from hematoma originating in the superior orbit adjacent to a linear fracture. B. coronal CT image of a different patient, showing a bone fragment displaced into left orbit: 409

III. Tumor of orbit

A. Kersten RC. Basic and Clinical Sciences Course Section 7.  Orbit, eyelids, and lacrimal system fig. V-21, metastatic prostate cancer. fig. V-22a, Woman with enophthalmos and motility restriction secondary to metastatic breast carcinoma to the orbit: 95

Squint – Motility Disturbances

I. Convergent strabismus; congenital esotropia

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: H07, H08

B. Mannis MJ. Case Studies in Ophthalmology for Medical Students, Instructor Manual. Case 22, Diagnosis: esotropia: 44

II. Divergent strabismus; exotropia

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: H09, H10, H11, H12

B. Simon JW. Basic and Clinical Sciences Course Section 6.  Pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus.  fig.VIII-2 A. ten-month-old infant with congenital exotropia also shows moderate motor developmental delay: 107

III. Upward deviation strabismus; hypertropia 

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: E02

B. Kline LB, Basic and Clinical Science Course Section 5.  Neuro-ophthalmology. IV nerve palsy 9-13a,b,c: 238

IV. Downward deviation strabismus; hypotropia

A. Coleman AL. Eye Care Skills on CD-ROM. Eye trauma and emergencies: slide 29

V. Latent strabismus; heterophoria. Strabismus, intermittent

A. Simon JW. Basic and Clinical Sciences Course Section 6.  Pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus.  fig.VIII-1 A. three-year old boy with intermittent exotropia: 102

VI. Strabismus, paralytic

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: H19

B. Mannis MJ. Case Studies in Ophthalmology for Medical Students, Instructor Manual.  Case 8, Diagnosis: third nerve palsy: 16

Issue of Knowledge, Other Than Clinical Pictures

I. Eye disorders due to diabetes mellitus

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: K14, K15

B. Coleman AL. Eye Care Skills on CD-ROM. Diabetes and eye disease: slide 18-24, 34

C. Mannis MJ. Case Studies in Ophthalmology for Medical Students, Instructor Manual.  Case 1, Diagnosis: nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy: 2

II. Eye disorders due to hyperthyroidism; Graves’ disease

A. Ophthalmic Images Collection, CD-ROM: E19, E20, E21

B. Coleman AL. Eye Care Skills on CD-ROM. Ocular manifestations of systemic Disease:  slide 64 -74

C. Mannis MJ. Case Studies in Ophthalmology for Medical Students, Instructor Manual.  Case 4, Diagnosis: endocrine ophthalmopathy: 8

Also see:

• Table of Contents of the "Principles and Guidelines of a Curriculum for Ophthalmic Education of Medical Students"
  
  
• Education of Medical Students in Ophthalmology
  
  
• Resources for Ophthalmic Education of Medical Students