International Standards:
Vision Requirements for Driving Safety
References and Acknowledgments
More on International Standards:
ICO Approved Standards:
- List of Approved Standards
- ICO Standards for Measurement of Vision Loss
- Vision Requirements for Driving Safety
Other Standards:
References
1. International Council of Ophthalmology (ICO). Visual Standards, Aspects and Ranges of Vision Loss with emphasis on Population Surveys. (April, 2002). Available in PDF format at: www.icoph.org/standards.
2. World Health Organization. International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps (ICIDH-80), WHO, Geneva, (1980). Accessible at: www.who.int.
3. World Health Organization. International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), WHO, Geneva, (2001). Accessible at: www.who.int.
4. Colenbrander A. Aspects of Vision Loss – Visual Functions and Functional Vision. Visual Impairment Research, 5(3): 115-136 (Dec., 2003). Available at www.ski.org/Colenbrander.
5. American Medical Association. Physician’s Guide to Assessing and Counseling Older Drivers. AMA, Chicago, 2003.
6. Massow RW, Fletcher DC. Evaluation of the NEI visual functioning questionnaire as an interval measure of visual disability in low vision. IOVS 41: 397-413, (1999).
7. National Research Council. Visual Impairments. Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits. Lennie P, Van Hemel SB eds. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, (2002).
8. Keltner JL, Johnson CA. Vision function, driving safety and the elderly. Ophthalmology, 94, 1180-8 (1987).
9. Owsley C, McGwin G, Vision impairment and Driving (Review, 189 ref.) Survey of Ophthalmology, 43(6): 535-50 (1999).
10. Paetkau ME, Taerum T, Hiebert Th. Prevalence of illegal motor vehicle driving among visually impaired elderly patients in Alberta. Can J Ophthalmol., 23, 301-4 (1988).
11. Fonda G. Legal blindness can be compatible with safe driving. Ophthalmology, 96, 1457-9 (1989).
12. Fonda G. Suggested vision standards for drivers in the United States with vision ranging from 20/175 (6/52) to 20/50 (6/15). Ann Ophthalmol, 18, 76-9 (1986).
13. Szlyk JP, Fishman GA, Severing K, Alexander KE, Viana M. Evaluation of driving performance in patients with juvenile macular dystrophies. Arch Ophthalmol., 111, 207-12 (1993).
14. Szlyk JP, Pizzimenti CE, Fishman GA, Kelich R, Wetzel LC, Kagan S, HO K. A comparison of driving in older subjects with and without age-related macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol., 113, 1033-40 (1995).
15. Szlyk JP, Alexander KR, Severing K, Fishman GA. Assessment of driving performance in patients with retinitis pigmentosa. Arch Ophhalmol., 110, 1709-13 (1992).
16. Johnson CA, Keltner JL. Incidence of visual field loss in 20.000 eyes and its relationship to driving performance. Arch Ophthalmol., 101, 371-5 (1983).
17. Edwards MG, Schachat AP. Impact of enucleation for choroidal melanoma on the performance of vision-dependent activities. Arch Ophthalmol., 109, 519-21 (1991).
18. Owsley C, Stalvey BT, Wells J, Sloane ME, McGwin G Jr. Visual risk factors for crash involvement in older drivers with cataract. Arch Ophthalmol., 119, 881-7 (2001).
19. Wood JM, Dique T, Troutbeck R. The effect of artificial visual impairment on functional visual fields and driving performance. Clin Vis Science, 8, 563-75 (1993).
20. World Health Organization. Consultation on Development of Standards for Characterization of Vision Loss and Visual Functioning. WHO, Geneva, Document WHO/PBL/03.91, (2003). Available at: www.who.int/ncd/vision2020_actionplan/documents/VisualStandardsSept03report.pdf.
21. Brabyn J, Schneck ME, Haegerstrom-Portnoy G, Lott L. The Smith Kettlewell Institute (SKI) Longitudinal Study of Vision Function and its Impact among the Elderly: an Overview. Optometry and Vision Science, 2001 May: 78(5): 264-269.
22. Mäntyjärvi M, Tuppurainen K. Cataract in traffic. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol., 237, 278-82 (1999).
23. Arditi A, Improving the Design of the Letter Contrast Sensitivity test. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 2005, 46 (6), 2225-2229. www.MarsPerceptrix.com.
24. EU report - Relevance of glare sensitivity and impairment of visual function among European drivers. Brussels, January 2005. EU project: SUB-B27020-E3-GLARE-2002-S07.18091.
25. EU report - New standards for the visual functions of drivers. Brussels, May 2005. Available at: http://europa.eu.int/comm/transport/home/drivinglicense/fitnesstodrive/index_en.htm
26. International Society for Low Vision Reasearch and Rehabilitation. Guide for the Evaluation of Visual Impairment. Vision-99 conference. Pacific Vision Foundation, San Francisco. Available in PDF format at www.ski.org/Colenbrander
27. American Medical Association. Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, 5th edition, AMA, Chicago, 2001.
28. Coeckelbergh TRM. Effect of compensatory viewing strategies on practical fitness to drive in subjects with visual field defects caused by ocular pathology. PhD thesis, Groningen, Stichting Drukkerij C. Regenboog, Groningen, 2002. Available at: www.ub.rug.nl/eldoc/dis/medicine/t.r.m.coeckelbergh.
29. Tant MLM. Visual performance in homonymous hemianopia: assessment, training and driving. PhD Thesis, Groningen, 2002. Available at: http://irs.ub.rug.nl/ppn/235146404.
30. Owsley C. Vision and driving in the elderly. Optom Vis Sci, 1994, 71, 727-35.
31. Van Rijn LJ, Wilhelm H, Emesz M, Kaper R, Heine S, Nitsch S, Grabner G, Völker-Dieben HJ. Relation between perceived driving disability and scores of vision screening tests. Br J Ophthalmol., 2002, 86, 1262-64.
32. Verriest G, Neubauer O, Marre M, Uvijl A. New investigations concerning the relationships between congenital colour vision defects and road traffic security. Int. Ophthalmol., 1980, 2, 87-99.
33. Mainster MA, Timberlake GT. Why HID headlights bother older drivers. Br J Ophthalmol., 2003, 87, 113-7.
34. Peli E, Peli D. Driving with confidence. A practical guide to driving with low vision. Ed.World Scientific, New Jersey, London, Singapore, Hong Kong 2002.
35. Canadian Ophthalmological Society Working Group in Driving Standards. Canadian Ophthalmological Society recommendations for driving standards and procedures in Canada. Can J Ophthalmol., 2000, 35, 187-91.
36. Casson EJ., Racette L. Vision standards for driving in Canada and the United States. A review for the Canadian Ophthalmological Society. Can J Ophthalmol., 2000, 35, 192-203.
37. Kiel AW, Butler T, Alwitry A. Visual acuity and legal visual requirements to drive a passenger vehicle. Eye, 2003, 17, 579-82.
38. Colenbrander A., Fletcher DC. The Mixed Contrast Reading Card, a new Screening Test for Contrast Sensitivity. Elsevier International Congress Series, Vision 2005 conference (in print).
Acknowledgments
The authors express their gratitude to Bruce Spivey, General Secretary for his support and to the board members of the ICO for the information provided.
They want to acknowledge especially the valuable comments of P.Watson (Cambridge), A.Kooijman (Groningen), L.van Rijn (Amsterdam), D.P. Anderson (Ottawa) and M.Tant (Brussels).
Next: List of Other Standards
Also see: Vision Requirements for Driving Safety: Table of Contents
Download the report on Vision Requirements for Driving Safety as a PDF file (369 KB)
You are here: Home > International Standards > Vision Requirements for Driving Safety > References and Acknowledgments
